Ebook: Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computer Simulation

This book contains the proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Computer Simulation (AMMCS 2024) which was held from 17 to 18 August 2024 as a hybrid event. Serving as an open forum for all those involved in any aspect of applied mathematics, modeling and computer simulation, AMMCS conferences provide the ideal platform for bringing together researchers, practitioners, scholars, professors and engineers from around the world to exchange the latest research results and stimulate scientific innovation, and provide scholars and researchers with an effective medium for the communication of important recent developments in their areas of specialization to colleagues in related disciplines.

More than 150 participants were able to exchange knowledge and discuss the latest developments at AMMCS 2024. We had the honor of inviting Zhixin Yang, from the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of the Internet of Things for the Smart City, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, China, to serve as our Conference Chairman, and the conference was attended by 270 individuals and enterprises from all over the world. Divided into three parts, the conference agenda covered keynote speeches, oral presentations, and online Q&A discussion. First, keynote speakers (Professor Jun Zou, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Professor Vasile Berinde, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Baia Mare Campus, Romania; Professor Jinsong Wu, University of Chile, Chile; Professor Javad Abolfazli Esfahan, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Professor Erdal Karapinar, Cankaya University, Turkey; Professor Juntao Fei, Hohai University, China) were each allocated 30–35 minutes to deliver their speeches. Then, in the oral presentations, the excellent papers selected were each presented by their authors for 10–15 minutes. Finally, in the poster presentations, the selected papers were presented by their authors for 3–5 minutes each.

The book contains 93 peer reviewed papers, selected from more than 300 submissions ranging from theoretical and conceptual to strongly pragmatic, and addressing industrial best practice. These cover engineering applications and scientific computations; the simulation of intelligent systems; data mining and soft computing; intelligent computing and simulation technology; mathematical modeling and applications; modeling, simulation and the control of technological processes and advanced engineering technologies; and interdisciplinary sciences.

The book shares practical experiences and enlightening ideas and will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the field everywhere.

This article proposes a method for calculating the normal direction width of cracks based on the apparent features of bridge crack image information. Firstly, the traditional image preprocessing methods are optimized based on the distribution pattern of crack image information in the histogram, extracting critical information such as crack edges and skeletons. Then, a coordinate system is established, and mathematical modeling is used to calculate the normal direction width of each point on the skeleton curve. Finally, the maximum width of the crack is obtained. The results show that the calculation accuracy of the algorithm used in this paper is 96.53%, and the average return time is 9.41 seconds, indicating high calculation accuracy and efficiency.

The Von Neumann architecture urgently needs to overcome the bottleneck of the storage wall issue, which can be effectively addressed by the emerging Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) due to its high speed, non-volatility, low power consumption, high integration, durability, and compatibility with CMOS. This makes magnetic storage an optimal solution for overcoming the bottleneck of the Von Neumann architecture. However, pure magnetic storage devices for storage and computation are not yet available. Therefore, the optimization of novel MRAM structures has become a new choice for future computing in memory. This paper proposes a four-terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device structure basic principle of Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT), which has multi-bit and capable of performing logical operations such as AND, OR, and XOR with ultra-high computational efficiency. The proposed device structure is verified to perform Boolean logic operations in one cycle by Cadence simulation, which providing a new method for in-memory computing in our solution.

This paper establishes a rotor/fuselage coupling dynamic model for the inverted configuration of the blade tip. Based on the full-size BO-105 rotor blade, the changes in the heading, lateral, and vertical vibration loads of the hub and the vibration characteristics of the fuselage within the range of 0–20 ° of the inverted blade tip were analyzed. The research shows that the inverted blade tip changes the total pitch, periodic pitch, and fuselage pitch angle. The inverted blade tip at a small angle does not significantly affect the hub vibration load and fuselage vibration, while the inverted blade tip at a larger angle will increase the high-order harmonic vibration loads of the hub heading, lateral, and vertical, thereby causing an increase in fuselage vibration.

Parallel component technology improves the development efficiency and performance of parallel software. Parallel component applications often need to be deployed on unstable heterogeneous cluster platforms. By analyzing the running mechanism of parallel component applications, this paper realizes the method of optimizing the deployment and running management of parallel components on the basis of modelling and managing the computing resources of heterogeneous platforms. This method can select nodes with light load to deploy parallel component code, and monitor the status of computing resources during the component operation. Our method can find the unavailable computing resources in time, and redeploy the parallel components running on them to other nodes with light load, which reduces the adverse impact of computing resource failure on the operation of component applications, and ensures the safe execution of parallel component applications on unstable heterogeneous platforms and achieves the expected results.

The optimization problem in reinsurance risk theory is one of the hot issues that has attracted wide attention in the academic and financial circles. In order to study the optimal reinsurance strategy that can minimize the risk of bankruptcy under the classical risk model, this paper establishes a hybrid reinsurance model of proportional reinsurance and excess loss reinsurance based on the variance premium principle, calculates the mathematical expectation and variance of the pure operating profit process, and establishes the Lagrange function using the mean-variance criterion, solves the equations that satisfy the optimal proportional coefficient and the optimal retention, and uses specific examples to illustrate the practical application of the hybrid reinsurance model.

Under the action of hydraulic pressure, the storage tanks built on soft soil foundation are prone to produce various settlement and deformation. The stability of the tank is very sensitive to settlement deformation, and the uneven settlement around the tank is the most disadvantageous to the stability of the tank. In this paper, a 1:16 simulated tank (5m in diameter, 1.44m in height) was tested by fiber grating strain measurement with uneven settlement, and the results were compared with those of finite element analysis. The results show that the main stress on the tank wall is along the axis of the tank, and the maximum strain on the tank wall occurs during the settlement process, which highlights the importance of on-line dynamic monitoring.

In this paper, the preparation technology, rheological properties, and modification mechanism of rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt were systematically studied. The preparation process and parameters of rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt were determined as follows: the SBS was developed for 3 hours followed by the addition of rubber powder, with a development temperature of 180±5°C. The content of stabilizer was 2‰, the content of compatible agent (furfural extraction oil) was 3.0%, the content of rubber powder was 18–20%, and the content of SBS was 2.5–3.5%. Three indexes-elastic recovery test, segregation evaluation methods, and viscosity evaluation methods – were used to analyze the effect of modifier content on the macro properties of asphalt. Based on rheological principles, multiple stress repeated creep recovery tests (MSCR) and low temperature bending beam rheological beam tests (BBR) were carried out on rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt. On this basis, after fitting and analyzing the low-temperature creep compliance curve using the Burgers viscoelastic model, the asphalt was assigned a low-temperature viscoelastic assessment index. The modification mechanism of the modified asphalt was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the amount of modifier had an obvious influence on the microstructure of the modified asphalt.

As one of the important disaster prevention and mitigation facilities, reservoir can regulate flood and reduce the flow of downstream river by storing flood. In order to fully tap the flood control potential of the reservoir and improve the flood control capacity of the reservoir, this study takes the Waterfall Reservoir as an example, through tapping its potential in the aspects of gate transformation, flood holding capacity, operation conditions, etc., and puts forward the optimization scheme of flood sluice and operation mode. On this basis, combined with the principle of compensation regulation, the flood process and its change trend, the reduction of peak flow and the delay of peak time are analysed systematically. The results show that after reservoir regulation, the maximum overflow capacity of the river is the designed peak flow of the interval under the condition of 20 to 50 years of flood, and the downstream river is flowed according to the safe flow under the condition of 20 years of flood, the flood containment capacity of the reservoir is greatly strengthened, and the flood storage capacity of the downstream river is significantly improved. The research can provide reference for the rational operation of reservoir flood, reservoir planning and design and watershed planning.

Based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k-ω turbulence model, the numerical simulation of the ignition transient of a single chamber double thrust solid rocket motor with large aspect ratio is carried out. The simulation results show that gas flow congestion occurs in the early stage of ignition, and a fluid throat is induced in the narrow port upstream of the transition region, which causes intense pressure oscillation in the transition region and produces a high pressure boost rate. At the same time, the flow separation between the downstream gas and the wall occurs, resulting in a secondary ignition point, which speeds up the flame propagation process.

Nowadays, the sea transportation is becoming more and more popular with its cheap and large capacity transport characteristics. At the same time, the ship hull rinsing is also gradually becoming higher demand in the ship transportation sector, during the transportation in the sea, there will be plenty of sea stars, reefs and other type of sea creatures will attach on the ship hull so that it will cause the ship structure damage. To resolve this issue, the ship hull rinsing can deal this particular problem. This article will investigate and analyze the water squirt pipe flow velocity to reveal what range of velocity is the best way to rinse the hull effectively without damage its structure.

In recent years, with the development of the silkworm industry, the scale of silkworm breeding is increasing, and the mechanized picking of mulberry leaves has become an inevitable trend of development. Based on the research of various existing picking machines, this paper proposes and designs a comb-brush mulberry leaf picking device. According to the morphological parameters of the tree, the spacing between planting rows and the picking requirements, the design parameters of the mulberry leaf picking device are determined. The three-dimensional modeling and design of mulberry leaf picking device are carried out by three-dimensional software, and the static analysis of key parts is carried out. The results show that the maximum stress of the drum and brush bar is 0.363 Mpa, and the maximum deformation is 0.0074 mm. The analysis results meet the requirements. The three-dimensional model is imported into the motion simulation software ADAMS. The analysis shows that the travel speed of the machine is 250 mm/s, the rotation speed of the drum is 130 r/min, and the effective picking range is about 850 mm. This design provides a certain reference for the development of mulberry leaf picking device.

The lightweight design is considered to be an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions. Therefore, a lightweight design method for the axle under different working conditions is proposed based on the ANSYS workbench. Firstly, the forces on the axle were analyzed under different working conditions. Secondly, a three-dimensional model of the axle is established using Pro/E, and then imported into the workbench to simulate the static analysis based on the results of the mechanical calculation. The stress, displacement, and safety factors of the axle are obtained by material parameter adding, finite element grid division, boundary condition constraints, and loading conditions. Finally, based on the simulation data results of the axle, the structure of the axle is optimized, the model is compared again, and a lightweight design scheme can be obtained. The results show that the mass of the axle is reduced by 13.14 kg, and its strength and stiffness meet the required conditions. The lightweight design method can save materials, reduce production costs, and cut carbon emissions, which has extremely important reference and practical significance for the lightweight design of axles and similar products.

Hydraulic torque converter is an important part of AT transmission. Its flexible connection characteristics and low-speed torque increase characteristics can significantly improve the adaptability of vehicles to road conditions, avoid engine stall or large speed change, and reduce the impact of transmission shaft components on off-road road. When the mechanical transmission ratio range is determined, the hydraulic torque converter can provide additional transmission ratio when the pump turbine speed ratio is large, and improve the vehicle’s dynamic performance under starting acceleration and low-speed climbing conditions, and greatly improve the vehicle’s acceleration and starting characteristics and climbing ability. In this paper, the modeling of the torque converter in the vehicle dynamics model based on Simulink is analyzed and studied, which lays a foundation for the establishment of the vehicle dynamics model and the adjustment and optimization of the shifting strategy.

In the hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment of a certain type of tactical missile, the real-time simulation software which is developed based on the Windows XP platform is needed for simulation calculation and simulated launch control. By analyzing the overall architecture of the simulation system and the real-time principle of RTX, as well as studying the characteristics of real-time VMIC in RTX environment, the real-time communication process of software is designed, and the simulation software of the transmission control unit, based on Windows XP+RTX environment, is developed. This design enables software control of simulated launch of missiles and real-time communication of data. According to the results of hardware-in-the-loop simulation experiments, the simulation software meets the requirements.

In recent years, single motion target detection, positioning, and tracking technology has been widely applied in fields such as national defense, military, traffic monitoring vehicle positioning, and drone target tracking. In response to the difficulty of detecting and locating abnormal spatial distribution of multiple targets in complex background environment conditions, in order to meet the demand for real-time and accurate localization of multiple targets, a dual station camera is used to capture multiple target image sequences. Based on target detection and multi-target tracking technology, combined with epipolar geometric matching algorithms, precise localization of multiple targets in complex environments is achieved. According to the overall experimental process, a multi-objective simulation experiment was designed. Through four levels of processing, including image acquisition, target detection, target matching, and analysis of target spatial positioning errors, the cumulative error of each algorithm in the testing system was verified to be within the allowable range of system accuracy, meeting the requirements of the testing system indicators.

Utilizing ANSYS software, a thorough transient dynamic analysis was conducted on the motor core based on detailed static analysis, aiming to simulate its dynamic behavior during various operational phases such as startup, acceleration, steady operation, and deceleration in real-world environments. Through this transient dynamic analysis, crucial data regarding stress, strain, and displacement of the motor core under transient loads was obtained. Based on these precise calculations, the design of the spring plate was carefully optimized to improve the motor’s vibration characteristics and stability. This optimization process not only enhances the motor’s performance but also provides new ideas and methods for subsequent design and development, injecting fresh vitality into the innovative development of the motor industry.

After investigating the training methods of centralized control operation of many power generation enterprises, it is found that the three contents of on-site equipment, system diagram and procedure are relatively discrete from each other in traditional training, and employees often need to spend a lot of time and energy to initially combine the three contents and understand and learn. Based on WinForm and WeChat mini program platform, the thermal power centralized control operation training system is developed, combining traditional training methods with modern technology. Through software, the actual equipment, system drawings and procedures are combined to provide employees with more intuitive and visual learning methods, so that employees can understand and master knowledge more easily. Improve employee learning efficiency and learning experience.

The lightweight design has been recognized as a typical effective method for energy saving and emission reduction during parts manufacturing. Therefore, modeling analysis and lightweight design based on the ANSYS workbench for the brake camshaft are proposed. Firstly, the brake camshaft model is imported into the workbench to simulate the static analysis. The stress, deformation, and fatigue life of the brake camshaft are obtained by mesh dividing, boundary conditions defining and loading, and the modal of the brake camshaft is simulated to obtain the modal natural frequency. Then, on the basis of the lightweight design and safety performance of the brake camshaft, the structure of the brake camshaft is optimized, the model has compared again, and the lightweight design scheme can be obtained. The results show that the weight of a brake camshaft decreases by 1.4797 kg, and the cost decreases by 20.8% after lightweight. This method can optimize the structure, save materials, reduce production costs, and shorten the production cycle. This lightweight design method has important reference and practical significance for the production design of the brake camshaft and similar products.

Due to the depleted exploitation of shale gas reservoirs, liquid loading in horizontal wells during the later stages of exploitation is a common problem. Among these, the plunger lift has advantages such as a simple manufacturing process, low operating cost, and good performance, making it widely used in various gas fields. In view of the characteristics of plunger motion in the wellbore, researchers typically employ simulation and laboratory experiments to study both the plunger motion and gas-liquid flow mechanism. Existing simulations and experiments are generally conducted by setting either the plunger movement speed to be constant or the differential pressure between the wellhead and bottomhole to be constant. However, the wellhead pressure changes during the life cycle of gas production in a gas well, transitioning from the initial pressure state to a gradually decreasing pressure after the well is opened. Therefore, it is difficult for existing results to accurately reflect the dynamic coupling relationship between the plunger motion state and the differential pressure between the wellhead and bottomhole during the plunger lifting process. This paper establishes an adaptive simulation model of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) for plunger motion in gas well production, which accounts for decreasing wellhead pressure. And a model is established based on simulation results to calculate the liquid leakage upper of the plunger.

The goal of this research is to develop, fabricate, and test a boring mechanism for a tractor that will be used to fertilize rubber plants. By designing and analyzing the mechanism, it was found that the mechanism consisted of a cone-type dibble, slider-cranks mechanism, and Geneva mechanism. The weight of the cone-type dibble was 64.50 N. The maximum stress of the slider-crank was 10.56 N/mm². The displacement was 0.27 mm. The entire mechanism was tested in the Agricultural engineering laboratory’s soil bin. The soil consisted of sand (74%), silt (12%), and clay (14%). The mechanism could move at six different speeds: 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, and 0.20 m/s, respectively. At each of the four soil moisture levels, each speed was evaluated: 9%, 12%, 17%, and 25%, respectively. According to the test results, it was found that the mechanism had a good performance at a speed of 0.18 m/s with a soil moisture content of 12%. The respective efficiencies were 96.51% and 98.51%.

Due to the adaptive transmission components of the hydraulic torque converter, compact planetary gear transmission mechanism and proportional valve precise control of the multi-clutch control system, AT transmission has good road adaptation, outstanding starting and acceleration characteristics, high power density, comfort shift process and other advantages. It is widely used in military, mining and other vehicles with complex road conditions and requiring high mobility flexibility. The combination of the multi-degree of freedom planetary transmission mechanism and the clutch highlights the power shift advantage of the AT transmission. By analyzing the working principle and characteristics of the AT transmission clutch, this paper establishes its Simulink model, which lays a foundation for the vehicle dynamics model.