This study examines the relationship between green technology innovation, new energy industry agglomeration and carbon emission efficiency from 2008 to 2019 in 30 provinces in China (apart from Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). According to the study, the mean value of the three couples’ average coupling coordination degree is between 0.03 and 0.49, which means that they are still in the maladjustment stage and on the verge of forced coordination. And the dynamic PVAR model is further established to study and conclude that green technology innovation is fostered by carbon emission efficiency, which is also boosted by new energy industry agglomeration. However, there is no correlation between green technology innovation and new energy industry agglomeration, and the three systems have not formed a good circular driving effect temporarily.