The human dimension, encompassing the security culture and human resources development, is the foundation of a sustainable security regime. On the one hand, the origin of any event with radiological consequences can ultimately be tracked down to the human factor; on the other hand, nuclear security culture and adequate human resources at all levels (including regulators, law enforcement agencies and industrial actors) are essential components of an effective security regime and its sustainability.

International cooperation can play a key role in human resource development and education and training in nuclear security, maintaining a well-trained cadre of technical experts and enhancing nuclear security culture. For several years, international cooperation in this area has been strengthening at various levels and in various ways.