Based on the microscopic structure of fiber-reinforced composite materials, a finite element analysis model was developed using LS-DYNA software to simulate the damage of carbon-ceramic brake discs under high-speed foreign particles impact conditions. The model incorporated the Chang-Chang failure criterion to simulate intra-layer damage and introduced a material stiffness reduction scheme to investigate the failure process and damage mechanism of carbon-ceramic brake discs. The results show that the primary forms of damage to the carbon-ceramic brake discs are micro-cracks in the matrix and fiber compression failure. The majority of the energy dissipated during material damage and failure is absorbed by the unidirectional fiber layer, with the mesh layer absorbing relatively less energy. As the impact angle increases, the total energy absorption and total damage area of the carbon-ceramic brake disc also increase, and matrix tensile damage is the first to occur, followed by matrix compression damage, and finally fiber compression damage. As the initial velocity of the foreign particles increases, both the energy absorption and damage area of the carbon-ceramic disc showed an overall upward trend, and the rate of energy absorption growth is slow at first and then fast. The shape of the foreign particles has a significant effect on the distribution of damage to the brake disc, with spherical-shaped foreign particles causing more severe damage to the brake disc.