Recently, microplastic pollution has become an environmental issue with widespread concern. As a bigger reservoir of microplastics than the ocean, microplastic pollution borne by soil has an impact on its structure and properties that cannot be ignored. Furthermore, with the help of plants, soil animals and microorganisms, this emerging pollutant will eventually threaten human health. Microplastics are difficult to recycle due to their small particle size, making it hard for traditional methods of plastic pollution management to work. In contrast, biodegradation methods are gaining attention because of its environmental sustainability and wide treatment range. This paper reviews the most popular microplastic biodegradation methods and their influencing factors, aiming to provide ideas and references for the biodegradation of microplastics.