This article analyzes the connotation of the theory of common prosperity from the perspectives of Marxist political economy, welfare economics, and development economics, and proposes three principles for constructing an indicator system, namely multidimensionality, operability, and dynamism. This study focuses on data availability, weight rationality, and dynamic adaptability, distinguishing macro and micro indicators, and proposing an innovative “three-dimensional dynamic adjustment framework” to address the issues of redistribution equity in the eastern coastal areas and the emphasis on economic growth in underdeveloped western regions, thereby implementing differentiated shared prosperity policy paths.