Due to the “high traffic volume, heavy axle load, and severe channeling” in modern road traffic, the use of modified asphalt in road engineering can improve the high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance, and anti-aging performance of the road surface, thereby extending the service life of the road and significantly enhancing the quality of road engineering. This paper studies the factors affecting the compatibility of modified asphalt and its performance analysis. Through experimental analysis, the study investigates the impact of the type of SBS modifier, the selection of base asphalt, the use of additives, and the preparation process on the performance of modified asphalt. The research finds that the type, dosage, and kind of base asphalt of the SBS modifier, as well as the use of additives, significantly affect the compatibility and performance of modified asphalt. Appropriately increasing the dosage of stabilizers and compatibilizers can improve the compatibility and performance of modified asphalt, but it needs to be controlled within a certain range to avoid excessively affecting the performance.