Blockchain technology empowers the digital traceability of geographically indicative agricultural product supply chains, representing an innovative path towards the modernization of China’s agricultural supply chains. This paper aims to explore the application of blockchain technology in the digital traceability of geographically indicative agricultural product supply chains, with a detailed analysis of Dezhou Braised Chicken as a case study. Originating from Dezhou City, Shandong Province, China, Dezhou Braised Chicken is known for its unique geographical flavor and rich geographical characteristics that endow it with a special taste and quality. As a recognized traditional delicacy, Dezhou Braised Chicken has created a brand effect. However, the complex origins of products in the market make it difficult for consumers to distinguish authentic Dezhou Braised Chicken, exposing it to the risks of counterfeiting and imitation. Any local enterprise in Dezhou City can register its own brand of braised chicken for processing and sales. The existence of this social phenomenon confuses consumers, making it impossible for them to judge the many brands on the market by themselves, and local enterprises in Dezhou cannot highlight the characteristics of their own products. By utilizing blockchain technology, it can be ensured that every product labeled “Dezhou Braised Chicken” is genuinely from Dezhou, maintaining the brand’s authenticity and reputation, highlighting the unique features of different enterprise brand products, and further enhancing the brand value of traditional products like Dezhou Braised Chicken.