Traffic environment carrying capacity is a key index to measure the sustainable development of urban traffic, and the coupling coordination between traffic environment carrying capacity and urbanization is an important embodiment of high-quality urban development. Taking Xi’an as the object, this paper constructs a dual-system evaluation framework of traffic environment carrying capacity and urbanization, which is composed of 32 indexes, and studies the coupling coordination relationship and obstacle factors between traffic environment carrying capacity and urbanization by using entropy weight method-coefficient of variation combination weighting method, coupling coordination degree model, relative development degree model and obstacle degree model. The research findings are as follows: (1) During the study period, the overall traffic environment carrying capacity of Xi’an showed are current changing trend of “rising-falling”, and the urbanization “steadily rising”. (2) The degree of coupling coordination between traffic environment carrying capacity and urbanization shows a trend of “steady increase”, and type of the coupling coordination realizes an obvious change of “antagonism-running in-coordination”. (3) The leading obstacle factors of traffic environment carrying capacity are the average of urban road traffic noise, the number of vehicles per mileage operated by the bus unit, and the density of urban road network. The leading obstacle factors of urbanization are population density, Engel coefficient of urban residents and the proportion of employees in the tertiary industry. In addition, the average of urban road traffic noise, the density of rail transit network and the proportion of transportation financial expenditure are the key indexes which hinder the further improvement of traffic environment carrying capacity in Xi’an.