The oil and gas industry is a critical component of the global economy, providing the energy resources that power industries, transportation, and homes worldwide. However, this vital infrastructure faces various security threats that can have devastating consequences, including physical attacks, cyber intrusions, internal risks, legal and regulatory challenges, and environmental hazards. Understanding and mitigating these threats is essential to ensure oil and gas assets’ safe and reliable operation. The key security threats facing the industry, examining their nature, impact, and potential consequences. It provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse vulnerability’s companies must address, from terrorist attacks and sabotage to malicious software and insider threats. The article also delves into the legal and regulatory risks associated with non-compliance, changing legislation, and environmental protection, highlighting the importance of proactive compliance management. The article offers strategies for developing robust, multilayered security measures to protect oil and gas infrastructure. It emphasizes the need for a collaborative approach involving stakeholders from the industry, government agencies, and local communities. By prioritizing security and resilience, oil and gas companies can safeguard their assets, maintain business continuity, and contribute to the broader social and economic stability that depends on the reliable supply of energy resources.