This study builds a centralized and decentralized decision game model of a two-level green supply chain based on the uncertainty theory, taking into account the uncertainty of the unit production cost of green goods and the pertinent parameters of market demand. The findings demonstrate that, in an uncertain setting, centralized decision-making can provide more environmentally friendly outcomes at a lower cost than decentralized decision-making. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between product greenness, price, and supply chain profit and the uncertainties of market demand and consumers’ sensitivity to green products, yet there is a negative correlation between the uncertainties of green investment cost coefficient and consumers’ sensitivity coefficient.