Transportation industry is a pillar industry for the development of the economy of a nation, and is indispensable in improving the operational efficiency of national economy and enhancing social and economic benefits. However, transportation industry has characteristics of high energy consumption, pollution and emissions, it requires an effective balance between development and carbon reduction in the context of the “Carbon neutrality and carbon reduction Goals”. The problem of Poor transportation structure in China’s transportation industry is relatively serious, so optimizing the transportation structure has been urgent to be solved. Based on the TAPIO decoupling elasticity analysis theory, this article takes the Yangtze River Economic Belt region for example to analyze the decoupling elasticity between transportation structure and carbon emission efficiency. The results indicate that the overall decoupling elasticity of carbon emissions, carbon emission efficiency, and transportation structure is respectively characterized by strong negative decoupling and weak negative decoupling. In other words, when the proportion of iron and water converted turnover decreases, the carbon emissions increase, and carbon emission efficiency decreases in company.