In order to identify the key influencing factors of emergency logistics system reliability, improve the reliability of emergency logistics system and ensure the smooth and efficient operation of emergency activities, Firstly, based on the connotation of the reliability of emergency logistics system, the factors impacting the reliability of emergency logistics system are organized and summarized, screened and analyzed, and the reliability assessment metrics system of emergency logistics system containing four primary indicators and seventeen secondary indicators is constructed. Secondly, the DEMATEL method was used to clarify the key influencing factors of the reliability of emergency logistics systems and the degree of interaction between each influencing factor, and use the AISM method to reveal the interaction relationships between factors. Finally, through the analysis of the model construction results, it is found that: the causal attributes of the factors determined by the DEMATEL method and the AISM method are consistent, and the hierarchy in which the factors are classified by the AISM method is significantly correlated with the causal degree of the factors obtained by the DEMATEL method. Combining the DEMATEL method and the AISM method, it was finally determined that the focus of the reliability improvement of the emergency logistics system should be placed on six key influencing factors: organizational coordination capability, rapid response capability, support of advanced technology, expert consultants, satisfiability of emergency supplies reserve, and flexibility of production system.