In order to achieve optimal control of the Hydro-Turbine Speed Control System (HTSCS), this paper presents a speed control system parameter optimization method based on the Convergence Factor Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (CPG). Firstly, the basic model of the HTSCS is established, and then the parameters of the PID controller are optimized using the CPG algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the CPG algorithm can rapidly obtain the optimal initial parameters for the PID controller. Furthermore, compared to the traditional PID control system, the PID control system based on the CPG algorithm exhibits smaller speed fluctuations, shorter stabilization time, and faster dynamic response speed under frequency and load power disturbances. The application of the CPG-based PID control strategy to the HTSCS provides enhanced dynamic stability.