This paper aims to introduce structural health monitoring techniques. The health monitoring of the bridge structure is mainly divided into three stages. The data collected by the sensor can be extracted and its characteristics can be evaluated. For the detection of bridge structures, scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research on data collection and sensor arrangement. In the health monitoring of bridge structures, the most critical link is to use sensors for data collection. This article focuses on two types of sensors, EME and FBG, which are used to measure strain and temperature, respectively. With the development of science and technology, more and more precision measurement techniques have been proposed. GNSS and Novelty detection are the main representatives of bridge safety monitoring.