Cylindrical structure is a kind of common protective structure, its internal support is generally homogeneous or rigid, energy absorption buffer ring can effectively improve its impact resistance. In this paper, a comparative study of the impact resistance of cylindrical structures with composite cushioning energy absorption rings under double impact loads is carried out. The results show that the honeycomb core layer with negative Poisson’s ratio effect has better impact resistance under explosion load, the hexagonal honeycomb core layer has excellent performance in kinetic energy impact resistance, and the impact resistance of the upper core layer in the composite structure has a greater impact on the overall structure. The research results can provide reference for the design and optimization of protective structures under complex external loading environment.