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Optical elements with rapidly adjustable diffractive properties have become technically mature and are commercially available. This has made them interesting building blocks for advanced optical instruments. These lecture notes summarize the acousto-optic concept of dynamic diffractive optical elements (DDOEs) and describe selected applications for Random-Access 2D/3D Scanning Microscopy, Encoded Multi-beam Microscopy, Standing-Wave Nanoscopy, and Random-Access STED Nanoscopy.