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Brillouin scattering spectroscopy, which for decades has been used in applied physics and material research, has recently gained prominence as a microscopy technique in biological research and clinical medicine for the measurement of mechanical properties of cells, tissues and biomaterials. Here, we analyze the complex interaction between light and biological media to endow this novel microscopy technology with several more contrast mechanisms of biophysical nature such as refractive index, speed of sound, and kinematic viscosity as well as mass density and local absorption.