The development of big data has profoundly changed not only the way of human production and life but also the way we learn and educate ourselves. This research conducted an empirical analysis on the influencing mechanism of the quality of higher education using the structural equation model, finding that five factors “Active and Collaborative Learning (ACL)”, “Student and Faculty Interactive (SFI)”, “Level of Academic Challenge (LAC)”, “Supportive Campus Environment (SCE)” and “Enriched Educational Experiences (EEE)” influence the indicators “Knowledge Obtaining (KO)” , “Ability Obtaining (AO)” and “Value Obtaining (VO)”. SCE has the largest impact on KO, while the influence of ACL is relatively weak. On this basis, this paper, by combining the features of big data, presented four methods for improving the quality of higher education: first, enhancing the construction of the education data platform; second, energizing energize education reform via big data; third, accurately identifying the level of academic challenge and selecting the appropriate education model by the aid of the big data technology; and fourth, based on the information technology, building a harmonic teacher-student relationship and peer relationship.