As one of the world’s few large-scale aquaculture countries, the mechanization, output and efficiency are low in Chinese aquaculture industry.with the development of industrial automation technology and computer image processing technology, aquaculture will be automated, scientific management transformation. As a specific application of computer recognition technology, underwater image recognition technology is important to promote aquaculture industry automation and intelligence. In this paper, first of all introduces the existing research of underwater target image recognition, mainly presents the underwater image recognition technology based on deep learning. And then the current problems of underwater image recognition is summarized. Besides, the future development of underwater image recognition technology and its application in wisdom fishery is also discussed, which provides other scholar with some theoretical help and a comprehensive reference.