The development of x-ray free-electron lasers has provided a new x-ray source with unprecedented properties. Understanding the basics of x-ray scattering and its implications for x-ray optics to make optimal use of this new radiation source is critical. This paper introduces concepts in x-ray scattering, x-ray optics and coherent diffraction imaging. The basics are presented at a level for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students. The intent is to give entry into the subject, not a comprehensive discussion, allowing the reader to go to one or more texts on the subject with the basics in hand.