The Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Program is a policy tool that enhances cooperation and dialogue with all partners, based on scientific research, innovation, and knowledge exchange. Founded in 1958, the Program contributes to NATO's objectives and promotes regional cooperation through scientific projects and activities. Over time, the SPS Program has continuously adapted to new demands and in 2013 the focus shifted on larger scale strategic activities which go beyond purely scientific cooperation. The SPS Program now promotes civil, security-related practical cooperation, and focuses on a growing range of contemporary security challenges, including terrorism, defense against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents, cyber defense, energy security and environmental concerns, as well as human and social aspects of security, such as the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (UNSCR 1325). The Program provides the Alliance with distinctive, non-military communication channels, including in situations where other forms of dialogue are difficult to establish. Accordingly, SPS often serves as the first concrete link between NATO and partner nations.