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QR Code (Quick Response Code), one of the widely used two-dimensional matrix barcode developed in 1994 by Denso Wave Japan, was adopted in automotive industries in the early days. In additional to the use in industries, QR Codes are also suitable for commercial usages, since mobile devices, which can act as QR Codes readers, are more and more popular these days. However, there are many potential risks while scanning a specially designed malicious QR Code without users' knowledge. This may compromise the mobile device or the user may face Phishing attacks using social engineering tricks. QR Codes are fault tolerant by adopting Reed-Solomon error correction, i.e., QR Codes with minor damages (7%~30%) should be still readable. It is possible to use this particular characteristic to embed watermarks for validation purpose. With the proposed method, the system can validate if the QR Code is from a trusted source by retrieving the watermark embedded in the scanned QR Code, and thus the risk of scanning malicious QR Codes without knowledge is greatly reduced. However, one challenge is that the embedded watermark should be able to survive under the possible damages due to printing and scanning processes.
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