The terrorist anthrax epidemic reported in October – December 2001 in the USA demonstrated that biological weapon is possible to be used nowadays.

Difficulties in controlling potential biological agents (mainly dual use pathogens or genetically modified organisms) raise important concerns on the possible use in bioterrorism.

The preventive counter‐bioterrorism strategy is based on:

• Promoting strong national legislation for preventing and combating bioterrorism;

• Adopting international regulations/recommendations against bioterrorism at national level

• Setting national plans and structures of biosecurity in human, animal and plant (bioprevention, biodefense)

• Controlling non‐proliferation of biological weapon; controlling circulation of natural highly pathogenic organisms of natural or genetically modified agents as well as the size and types of different equipments for research and bioproduction activities.

• Integrated activities in public health: epidemic surveillance, suitable stocks of elected or new vaccines, network of well trained and equipped laboratories for a rapid detection and identification of microorganisms.