Cyber threats are now so pervasive, sophisticated, and targeted that traditional, reactive computer network defense is no longer sufficient to counter them. Upstream security, which represents a new layer of safeguards that can be deployed well beyond the enterprise perimeter, intercepts malicious activity before it reaches an organization's network. Telecommunications providers are well positioned to offer this type of proactive cyber defense and defense-in-depth, as they possess significant technical capabilities and a unique view on traffic flow. Together, these assets can create a security layer that may operate at higher efficiencies and effectiveness than any enterprise security program. The evidence demonstrates that upstream security and upstream intelligence provide innovative and effective techniques for network defense.