Technology has been a powerful force driving change in transportation systems for centuries and will continue to be powerful force in decades to come. Until the industrial revolution, most people seldom travelled more than a short distance from home. With the coming of railroads, steamships and later jet travel, distances have shrunk and the process of globalization has created a totally new environment. Terrorism involves two dimensions – social distance and physical distance. Historically, terrorists staged their attacks on opponents who were geographically close by. Now, with the elimination of physical distance, they are able to strike anywhere at anytime. Moreover, globalization has created a new international trade system whose disruption would have catastrophic results. Also, the extensive use of hazardous materials provides terrorists with new opportunities to inflict mass casualties. Although states and international organizations have implemented various measures to safeguard both passenger and freight transportation systems, the new environment poses has created a context that requires new, integrated national, and especially international approaches.