This article presents many facets of bioterrorism, in terms of challenges and policies, as well as the regional and global aspects of threats posed by various forms of bioterrorism, including synthetic genomics, dual-use technologies, and programmable functional biological materials. Policy recommendations to limit proliferation of biological agents are described. The pros and cons of programs such as international collegiate programs – iGEM, bio-brick, and other similar programs are discussed. Using advanced technological platforms, viz. nanotechnology, multiple sensors-networks, nanophotonics, biomimetics, advanced sciences convergence, and bioinformatics, effective countermeasures are reviewed for early detection and thwarting bioterrorism related threat vectors.