This paper is about the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the role it had and is playing in the security of Central Asian region and around it. The SCO is one of the few security organizations in Central Asia that involves such players as China and Russia, as well as the Central Asia states. The observer status of India, Pakistan, Iran and Mongolia in SCO makes the organization one of the largest entities in the world in terms of its geographical scope. The paper focuses especially on the security developments in Afghanistan as it is a vital point for the security in Central Asia. In fact, Afghanistan borders with three of member states and two observer states of the SCO. In order to enhance regional cooperation, Afghanistan has established a contact group to foster bilateral relations with the SCO in political, economic and security areas in 2005. The aim of the paper is to show that although the SCO has made numerous efforts and adopted many documents on regional security since its establishment in 2001, yet it has done very little in practice for the provision of security in the region.