It is increasingly difficult to separate ‘cyberspace’ from what we think of as the ‘real world’. Human beings respond to stimuli from both. Threats to persons, organizations, and governments require timely and accurate evaluation, but cyber attackers can exploit the imperfect and maze-like architecture of the Internet to make threat evaluation difficult. In cyberspace, it is possible to create fraudulent online identities – potentially millions of them – that could programmatically support any personal, political, or military agenda. In the future, computer botnets may evolve from spam and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) generators to semantic creatures that can post opinions, arguments and threats on the Internet. Counterfeit identities on the World Wide Web (WWW), complete with randomized or stolen biographies, pictures, and multi-year histories of Internet activity, will be difficult to separate from real human beings because there is no quick way to determine whether a virtual person really exists.