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The strong-coupling regime of semiconductor microcavities is reviewed. Their nonlinear optical properties are shown to depend critically on the shape of the new polariton dispersions, particularly on the sides, neck and bottom of the polariton trap in momentum space. Both nonlinear scattering and photoluminescence is found to originate from Coulomb pair scattering between polaritons. The implications for a new type of polariton laser which operates without inversion are presented in detail. This system breaks the connection between stimulation and emission, normally ubiquitous in the Einstein coefficients of a lasing transition. The relation to Bose-Einstein condensates is discussed, and the operation of polariton condensates is shown to be practical.
1. Introduction
2. Atoms and excitons
3. Linear optical properties
4. Scattering
5. Polariton lasing and condensation
6. Future work
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