This paper is intended as an introduction to and overview of calorimetric particle detection in high-energy physics experiments. First, the physics that plays a role when high-energy particles are absorbed in dense matter is described, with emphasis on issues that are important for the properties of calorimeters. Next, all aspects of the calorimeter response function are discussed: Mean value, shape, width, and the factors that determine these characteristics. Then, we elaborate on some practical issues that are important for those working with calorimeters: calibration and simulation. Finally, a brief overview of modern developments in this rapidly evolving field is given.