Childhood adversity is a common occurrence associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Population-based studies have found exposure to childhood adversity increases the likelihood of adult chronic health conditions, mental disorders, and suicide behavior, with exposure to an increasing number of adversities resulting in a greater likelihood of these outcomes. Preliminary evidence indicates that military personnel may be at a higher likelihood of experiencing adversity, and as such, it is necessary to fully examine the effects of these events among these individuals. Initial research in this area has found an association between childhood adversity and poor physical and mental health outcomes. However, the extant literature is limited by only examining a few types of adversity, investigating a limited number of physical and mental health outcomes, and not examining males and females separately. Moreover, there is still debate over the combined effect of childhood adversity and combat exposure on adult physical and mental health outcomes. Future research will be needed to further investigate these relationships in this unique population.