The Prydnieprovskiy region (Central Ukraine) is distinguished by the combination of increased natural radiation background levels, the technogenic pollution by enterprises of the primary nuclear cycle, as well as the “Chernobyl trace” at the expense of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr. In 1986-90 there was a many-times excess of the pre-disaster levels for water and fish environments. Now there is a considerable accumulation of these radionuclides in silts, i.e. the proper risk of secondary contamination of the ecosystem. Radiation, together with agro-industrial chemical pollution, creates a significant radiation-chemical load on living organisms through both the water and food chains (especially through fish). It is found that heavy metals have a powerful modulating influence on the effects of radiation. In these conditions serious disturbances of a number of physiological and biochemical parameters are observed. A high adaptive effectiveness has been shown by humates. Further efforts are needed to reduce the population health risks from radiation-chemical pollution.