The constant and intense growth in electric energy production at nuclear power plants (NPP) results in new additional great problems, one of which is the increased generation of radionuclide gas-aerosol discharges (RGAD) to the atmosphere and in liquid radioactive discharges (LRD) into different water features. According to the Russian Program on Intense Development of Atomic Energy, 17 new nuclear reactors will be put into service by 2020 at the 7 currently operated NPPs. It is necessary to provide exclusive safety measures, particularly to provide limited levels of irradiation human doses (IHD). These IHD must not exceed the 10 Micro Sievert level on every factor of response that are defined in the special sanitary rules, instructions and laws. We have collected and analysed data on RGAD and LRD values for all 10 Russian NPPs during the past 13 years of their operation. The observed stable annual decreasing tendency of these values has created a well-grounded scientific base for predicting the levels for each NPP in the future period of the above-mentioned Programme's implementation according to our developed methodology. The predicted RGAD and LRD levels have been used for IHD calculations in the special certified model information-simulation systems (developed at our Institute) through all possible ways and routes of radionuclide penetration into human organisms. For the most critical population group, namely fishermen, we have made conservative (maximum) IHD assessments. The obtained IHD values show a permitted risk level of less than 10⁻⁶ per year (i.e. one death for one million irradiated people). The radiation that will be created by every NPP under its future exploitation will be less by 2-3 orders than the local natural radioactive background near NPP locations. Our consideration has a universal character and may be used for decision-making on some thematic problems of atomic energy. In addition, some aspects of the application of our investigations have been presented for the great disaster at the Fukushima NPP by taking into account of its unique features. Some problems connected with the future development of atomic energy production in the world, and its risks, are also discussed. Possible nuclear terrorist attacks, and the counter measures using high technologies in the struggle with these great threats, are also under consideration.