This paper incorporates interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics, and suggests a framework for analyzing and improvement of governance of socio-economic dynamics of agriculture. It takes into account: the role of specific institutional environment (formal and informal rules and rights, and systems of enforcement; behavioral characteristics of agents (preferences, bounded rationality, tendency for opportunism, risk aversion); costs of governance and critical factors of transactions (uncertainty, frequency, assets specificity, appropriability); comparative efficiency of market, private, public and hybrid modes; efficiency of alternative modes for public intervention; complementarities between modes; needs for multilateral and multilevel governance; technological and eco-factors.