The aim of this chapter is to review some of the issues relevant to radicalisation towards violent extremism and terrorism. Section I is based on both the author's own research and on findings by colleagues within the field of radicalisation and conflict, and sets the background for an ongoing discussion of the issues at stake. The findings are based on research mostly in Muslim majority countries or in Europe among Muslim populations. A serious part of the research conducted by the author is based on fieldwork in Pakistan, and a separate section is devoted to this context (Section II). Finally, Section III tries to identify some practical steps forwards and some policy recommendations.