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A global ageing of the population in most western countries has been well documented and it is expected that one third of the population will be constituted of people older than 60 by 2050 (United Nations 2006). The ageing process itself involves a wide range of bio-molecular and cellular modifications contributing to the deterioration of the main biological functions. Even in the case of “healthy ageing”, those alterations will contribute to a wide range of modifications including but not restricted to: decreased muscle strength (endurance and power), altered aerobic fitness, limited flexibility, range of motion and balance, resulting in a general decrease of functional capacity and quality of life in elderly people. Numerous studies have shown that physical activity can actively contribute to delay or limit these alterations, maintain the capacity to perform daily living activities and thus promote Health and quality of life. This chapter will then discuss recommendation in terms of physical activity volume and intensity in order to achieve significant physiological and biological effects leading to health improvement. In order to efficiently plan and individualise exercise training, adequate exercise testing should be performed. The role of screening visit will be discussed in line with the evaluation of risk factors and safety. Exercise test evaluating aerobic fitness, muscle strength and flexibility as well as balance will be examined in the light of the population of interest. The basis of exercise prescription in the different fields investigated (aerobic fitness, muscle strength and flexibility, balance) will be presented with a specific focus on the elderly population.
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