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All penetration tests are useful for site exploration and soil property characterization, but most have limited applicability in gravelly soils. In these soils, the following dynamic tests dominate: Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Large Penetration Test (LPT), and Becker Penetration Test (BPT). Although the SPT is most appropriate in sandy soils, it still is used in gravelly soils. To overcome this limitation, several large-scale penetration tests have been developed in the USA, Canada, Japan, and Italy, and they are categorized by configuration of the testing equipment into LPT and BPT. This paper surveys these tests and their basic procedures. Then correlations linking the SPT to the LPT and BPT are explored, resulting in design recommendations.
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