Various wastes and by-product materials are generated in the Middle East including reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate, demolition concrete, excavation waste, steel and aluminum slags, cement by-pass dust (CBPD), copper slag, petroleum-contaminated soils (PCS), waste tires, incinerator ash, and others. Recycling of such materials for road construction is not practiced. Research data and field studies on the potential use of selected materials in road construction applications are limited. This paper presents an overview of the different waste materials generated in many countries in the Middle East, their potential applications in road construction and the impediments to recycling initiatives. Representative results of several laboratory studies on the use of PCS in asphalt concrete mixtures; the utilization of CBPD in soil stabilization; and the recycling of RAP aggregates in road bases and sub-bases will be presented. The Laboratory data indicated that it is feasible to partially reuse some of these materials in road construction provided that economic incentives and environmental concerns are taken into consideration.