Research and applications of nanoparticles in concrete materials are rapidly increasing because fundamental properties of concrete (such as rheology, strength, transport properties, fracture behavior, etc.) are strongly influenced by the material properties at the nanoscale. Use of nanomaterials in concrete can also enhance sustainability and reduce negative environmental impact through reduction in cement use, energy and natural material consumptions during production and service. In this paper, the needs and opportunities of use of nanoparticle modified concrete are highlighted. The challenges in nanoparticle processing (such as dispersion and stabilization) are addressed. Recent developments in characterization methods (such as Raman spectroscopy, nanoindentation, modulus mapping, peak-force quantitative nanomechanical mapping and atomic force microscopy) are reviewed. Effects of nanoparticles (such as nanosilica, nanolimestone and nanoclay) on concrete rheology, hydration, microstructure development, mechanical properties, and durability are discussed.