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The scapula is often overlooked or ignored in shoulder complex studies as its motions occur under skin and muscles which, in vivo, makes measurements difficult to obtain. In fact, the scapula is often considered as a separate entity to the shoulder mechanism, as it has no fixed relationship to other features on the thorax, as found with, for example, the arm. The aim of this study is the description of complete 3D-scapular motion in its functional context. Distances were measured from three bony landmarks on the scapula to a fixed point on a vertebra. It is clear from data analysis of a ‘normal’ (i.e. without scoliosis) population that males were generally more flexible and achieved greater scapular range of motion than females. Differences also exist between arm (i.e. left/right, one-arm/two-arm) movements and between passive and active movements. This study has produced new data regarding motion of the scapula in various planes of movement, which has direct relevance to the study of shoulder asymmetry and resulting arm length differences found in scoliotic patients.
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