Since December 2019, COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. As an acute respiratory infectious disease, it has seriously affected people’s health and daily life. Currently, the prevention and control of COVID-19 is still very important. In this paper, literature was retrieved through PubMed, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform. Starting from the hazards of COVID-19 and the application of current infectious disease transmission models, the application of SIR model in the transmission of COVID-19 was reviewed, and the influencing factors of COVID-19 transmission and corresponding prevention and control measures were analyzed, in order to provide more scientific and effective suggestions for the follow-up prevention and control of the epidemic.