Replacing fossil fuels with clean and renewable energy sources is crucial to alleviate climate change and its negative impacts. However, the success of the implementation is highly dependent on public acceptability of a sustainable energy transition. This research studied how knowledge about climate change, environment self-identity, openness to change in lives, energy behaviors that can either efficiently (positive) or inefficiently (negative) contribute to energy saving, personal norms, feeling of control over the things around, and worry about China’s energy supply influence public acceptability of sustainable energy transition, with a relatively representative sample in China. As expected, stronger participants’ personal norms explained the increase in their acceptability of a sustainable energy transition. The more negative energy behavior people do in their daily life explained the decrease in the acceptability of sustainable energy transition. The more worry people have about the stability of energy supply in China explained the decrease in the acceptability of sustainable energy transition. The results provided initial evidence about the both psychological and behavioral factors that influence public acceptability of sustainable energy transition in China.