For the purpose of a basic study to develop a relevant performance-based design method for railway asphalt roadbed, resilient and residual deformation characteristics of roadbed and subgrade were evaluated by means of scale model tests. In this study, moving-wheel loading tests were carried out, because the deformation characteristics under fixed-point loading were substantially different from that under traveling trainloads. This paper discusses the effect of the stiffness and thickness of roadbed on the resilient and residual deformation of roadbed and subgrade under the moving-wheel loads.