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The debate on government surveillance programs is frequently characterized by the apparently absolute dichotomy of security versus privacy. But basic concepts such as privacy and surveillance elude precise definition, and the complexity of different surveillance techniques cloud a clear understanding of this phenomenon. This chapter provides an initial framework to classify surveillance programs, in order to better understand their potential impact on the privacy of citizens. Four binary variables are identified: domestic versus foreign, downstream versus upstream, targeted versus bulk collection, and metadata versus content. These variables are used to re-evaluate two U.S. surveillance programs exposed by Edward Snowden: Prism and the Section 215 program. As a result, one certainly does not deserve to be labelled ‘mass surveillance’.
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