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The analysis of very rapid fluctuations in heart rate (heart rate variability, HRV) and (systolic) blood pressure (BPV, Blood Pressure Variability) is hampered by the fact that neither the cardiac events, nor the systolic blood pressure values are regularly spaced in time. It is shown that the beat-to-beat variability in systolic blood pressure values is due to both the timing of these values (closely related to the cardiac event series) and an external influence. The well-known model for the SA-node, viz. the Integral Pulse Frequency Modulator (IPFM) appears to operate as an interface between continuously varying external influences and the irregularly spaced values of blood pressure. Three algorithms for the estimation of the spectrum of this external influence are introduced. On the basis of simulation studies it is discussed which method is to be favoured.
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