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Recently, microbial biopolymers have been widely used in geotechnical engineering as an alternative environmentally friendly material for soil stabilization and ground improvement. Biopolymers enhance the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and interparticle adhesion) of soils by forming biofilm coats and bridges (coarse soil) or by bonding clay particles via electro-static interactions. Anionic xanthan gum biopolymer is one of the most common biopolymer materials used nowadays. Previous studies have shown xanthan gum to interact with positive charges in pore fluids or clay particle edges. Thus, the behavior of xanthan gum in soil is altered by pore fluid chemistry and variations in the types of soil minerals present. However, the micro-scale interactions between xanthan gum, soil, and aqueous ions in pore fluids have not been clearly identified yet. This study focuses on the interaction between xanthan gum and fine soils with pore fluid chemistry variation. Electrical sensitivity (SE) was measured through a series of laboratory fall cone tests of xanthan gum-treated kaolinite with three different pore fluid conditions (i.e., deionized water, 2M NaCl brine, and kerosene). Interaction between xanthan gum and clay particles affects index properties and electrical conductivity of soils. The liquid limit of xanthan gum-treated soils in deionized water conditions peaked at 0.5% of xanthan-gum-to-clay mass ratios. Xanthan gum tends to decrease the sensitivity of clay minerals to pore fluid chemistry when up to 2% of xanthan-gum-to-soil mass ratios are used.
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