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Preconsolidation pressure, σ’p, plays a major role in settlement analysis, in design of precompression and surcharging operations, and interpretation and evaluation of undrained shear strength. The original definition of preconsolidation pressure using the oedometer test began with Arthur Casagrande at a time when the role of aging on structure of soft clay and silt deposits was not fully recognized. It is now well established that all soft clay and silt deposits, independent of geological loading–unloading history, are expected to display a preconsolidation pressure with σ’p/σ’vo greater than unity. There are different alternatives, in addition to undisturbed sampling and incremental loading (IL) or constant rate of strain (CRS), oedometer testing to determine preconsolidation pressure. These include in situ vane shear and push cone penetration tests, together with well-established empirical correlations. Important uncertainties, however, still remain in connection to (a) magnitudes of σ’p/σ’vo to be expected for soft clay and silt deposits, (b) evaluation of preconsolidation pressure from end-of-primary or 24 hour void ratio-effective vertical stress relations from IL oedometer tests, (c) interpretation of preconsolidation pressure from CRS oedometer tests subjected to different imposed vertical strain rates, (d) determining preconsolidation pressure from in situ vane shear undrained shear strength, (e) interpretation of preconsolidation pressure from push cone penetration resistance, and (f) interpretation of preconsolidation pressure from field porewater pressure observations in soft clay and silt deposits subjected to embankment loading.
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