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The aim of this paper was to analyze and compare published results related to the impact of patients' adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological recommendations on the treatment costs of heart failure (HF) patients. A systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, defining specific inclusion criteria using the following key terms in various combinations: ‘telemedicine, telemonitoring, telehealth, eHealth, remote monitoring, adherence, compliance, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, heart failure, healthcare costs, hospitalization, drug costs. Initially, 73 papers were selected and reviewed in detail resulting in 9 articles that featured a relevant association between adherence and/or compliance and costs. However, none of those papers was concerned with establishing a quantitative relationship between adherence and costs. A model-based cost-effectiveness analysis that appropriately con-siders adherence has not been carried out so far, but may be needed to fully un-derstand the potential benefits of telehealth concepts for healthcare systems.
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